Candida albicans is a single-celled fungal organism that is widespread in our environment and normally lives harmlessly in the mouth, GI tract, skin and vagina. Under certain conditions (immature or weakened immune system, broken skin, hormonal changes, antibiotic or corticosteroid use, etc.) an overgrowth of candida can occur, leading to various forms of candidiasis, including oral thrush, yeast diaper rash, nipple/breast yeast, yeast vaginitis, and jock itch.
Using fresh or refrigerated milk during thrush treatment
While you and baby are being treated for yeast, your refrigerated and fresh milk may be given to baby without a problem.
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Remember that it’s recommended that you continue thrush treatment until one to two weeks after all thrush symptoms have disappeared (Amir 2002).
Using milk frozen during thrush treatment
Milk frozen during thrush treatment can be given to baby without a problem while you are still being treating for thrush.
Many sources recommend that mothers do not freeze expressed milk for later use when they are being treated for thrush. We do know that freezing deactivates yeast, but does not kill it (Rosa 1990), so there is a theoretical risk that milk expressed during a thrush outbreak could reinfect baby at a later date. However, there have been no studies that tell us whether or not this defrosted milk is really a problem.
What do reference books say?
Per Riordan in Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (2004, p. 259):
“It is not clear whether expressed milk of a mother with candidiasis should be saved and frozen for later use. Freezing deactivates yeast but does not kill it.”
Per Mohrbacher in Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple (2010, p. 655):
“Research indicates that freezing does not kill yeast (Rosa 1990). Suggest the mother give the baby any milk that was expressed and stored during a thrush outbreak while they are being treated. If that is not possible, suggest she boil it to kill any yeast before giving it to the baby.”
Per Wilson-Clay and Hoover in The Breastfeeding Atlas (2002, p.58):
“Milk expressed during a yeast infection could possibly be a source of reinfection. Freezing does not destroy yeast.”
Per Newman and Pitman in The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers (2000, p. 149):
“Throwing away frozen milk collected while the mother has her problem with C. albicans seems to me a terrible waste. Although freezing the milk does not kill this organism, it is likely, given the antifungal factors in breastmilk, that the fungus will remain in the form that does not cause problems.”
How might mother’s milk help to protect baby from thrush?
Mother’s milk may actually help to protect baby against candida overgrowth, as some studies have shown a greater incidence of thrush in babies who are formula fed (Zollner 2003, Hoppe 1997). Components of human milk, including sIgA and lactoferrin, are active against Candida albicans (Riordan 2004, Morrill 2003, Andersson 2000, Goldman 1998). In fact, because human milk inhibits the growth of candida, it can be difficult to culture candida in milk without the use of special techniques (Morrill 2003). In addition, human milk encourages the growth of “good bacteria” such as lactobacillus in baby’s GI tract, which helps to limit fungal growth (Riordan 2004). These inherent defenses against candida overgrowth may help to prevent thrush in a healthy baby who drinks expressed milk containing candida from a previous outbreak.
Expressed milk that has been frozen should still be protective against candida overgrowth. Lactoferrin and sIgA are two of the primary components of milk that are active against candida, and both sIgA and lactoferrin activity in human milk are unchanged after 3 months of freezing at -15°C (May 2005).
What are my options?
If you need to use expressed milk during thrush treatment, fresh or refrigerated milk (or milk frozen during thrush treatment) is best. If possible, save “non-thrush” frozen milk for later and avoid freezing milk until your thrush treatment has ended.
If you do pump extra milk during thrush treatment, do not discard it. Label the milk so that you know it was pumped during a thrush outbreak, and then go ahead and freeze it.
As noted above, milk frozen during a thrush outbreak may not be a problem for a healthy baby.
If you wish to further minimize any risk of using milk frozen during a thrush outbreak:
- One option is to dilute the defrosted “thrush” milk by mixing it with milk expressed at a different time.
- Another option is to heat treat the defrosted “thrush” milk to kill most or all of the candida present.
- Per Amir and Hoover in Candidiasis and Breastfeeding (p. 3) and per Odds in Candida and Candidiasis: A Review and Bibliography, 2nd ed. (p 14), candida usually dies within minutes at a temperature of 122°F (50°C).
- Mohrbacher and Stock in The Breastfeeding Answer Book (p. 483) suggest that the milk be heated to boiling (212°F/100°C).
- Others suggest scalding the milk, which brings it to a temperature right below boiling. How to scald milk: heat milk in a saucepan over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally, until the milk begins to steam and small bubbles begin to form around the edge of the pan; remove from heat.
- These high temperatures will kill most of the antibodies in the milk, but this heat treated milk is still much more nutritious than infant formula.
Additional information
Thrush @ 
References
May JT. Table 7: Effect of heat treatment or storage on antimicrobial factors in human milk. From: Molecular Virology: Tables of Antimicrobial Factors and Microbial Contaminants in Human Milk. Available at: http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table7.html. Accessed March 13, 2005.
Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5th ed. Boston and London: Jones and Bartlett: 2015.
Mohrbacher N. Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple. Texas: Hale Publishing; 2010: 652-655.
Zollner MS, Jorge AO. Candida spp. occurrence in oral cavities of breastfeeding infants and in their mothers’ mouths and breasts. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2003 Apr-Jun;17(2):151-5.
Morrill JF, Pappagianis D, Heinig MJ, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. Detecting Candida albicans in human milk. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):475-8.
Amir L, Hoover K. Candidiasis and Breastfeeding. Lactation Consultant Series Two, Unit 6. Schaumburg, Illinois: La Leche League International; 2002.
Wilson-Clay B, Hoover K. The Breastfeeding Atlas. 6th ed. Lactnews Press; 2017.
Newman J, Pitman T. The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers. Harmony; 2006
Andersson Y, Lindquist S, Lagerqvist C, Hernell O. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Hum Dev. 2000 Aug;59(2):95-105.
Heinig MJ, Francis J, Pappagianis D. Mammary candidosis in lactating women. J Hum Lact. 1999 Dec;15(4):281-8.
Lawrence R and Lawrence R. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession, 8th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2015: 457-459, 682.
Goldman AS, Chheda S, Garofalo R. Evolution of immunologic functions of the mammary gland and the postnatal development of immunity. Pediatr Res. 1998 Feb;43(2):155-62.
Hafner-Eaton C. Breast yeast. Midwifery Today. 1997;42: 37-39, 68-69, 71.
Hoppe JE. Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis and candidal diaper dermatitis in neonates and infants: review and reappraisal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Sep;16(9):885-94.
Nikawa H, Samaranayake LP, Tenovuo J, Pang KM, Hamada T. The fungicidal effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Arch Oral Biol. 1993 Dec;38(12):1057-63.
Rosa C, et al. Yeasts from human milk collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Microbiol 1990;21(4):361-63.
Odds FC. Candida and Candidiasis: A Review and Bibliography. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1988.
Rashid S, Collins M, Corner J, Morton RS. Survival of Candida albicans on fabric after laundering. Br J Vener Dis. 1984 Aug;60(4):277.